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Southwest Alaska
1959-1980 Joining Old And New
Alaska's Past - Regional Perspectives
In this section you will learn about:
Government supported mining
Results of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
Regional Native corporations
Red Devil provides year round employment
In 1959 Alaska became a state. Federal programs and federal funds continued to play a major part in the economy of SouthwestAlaska. One federally supported project was the Red Devil mercury mine on the Kuskokwim River.
Hans Halverson had located the extensive cinnabar deposits in 1933, but little mining followed. With funds from the U.S. Defense Mineral Exploration Administration in 1952 the DeCoursey Mountain Mining Company began to develop the deposits. In 1960 the mine produced more than 20,000 flasks of quicksilver. Mine workings included almost two miles of shafts, crosscuts, and tunnels on five underground levels. The cinnabar veins were worked out after four years and further exploration produced no other mineable ore.
During its years of operation, the Red Devil quicksilver mine was the only important lode metal mining operation active in Alaska. It was not the only quicksilver mine in the area, but it far outdistanced the others in production.
Tidal wave leaves Kodiak a shambles
In 1964 the tsunami generated by the earthquake that shook Southcentral Alaska left Kodiak Island a shambles. The village of Old Harbor near Three Saints Bay was almost completely destroyed. Successive waves washed over the City of Kodiak's business district. The loss of canneries and some of the king crab fleet cost the fishing industry nearly $10 million.
On Afognak Island, 178 villagers escaped into the mountains. It was three days before they could return to where their village had stood. Refugees from Afognak Island and Port Wakefield on Raspberry Island were relocated in a new community on Kodiak Island named Port Lions. At Kaguyak, across Shelikoff Strait from Afognak Island on the Alaska Peninsula, the 60 residents lost their homes. In all, the tsunami claimed 20 lives in the Kodiak vicinity. Property losses totaled more than $45 million.
Settlement act creates corporations
When Congress passed the Alaska Native Land Claims Settlement Act in 1971, four Native regional corporations were created in Southwest Alaska. The corporations were Calista, for the Yukon Kuskokwim delta (excluding the areas around St. Michael and Unalakleet); Bristol Bay; Koniag, serving Kodiak Island and the eastern part of the Alaska Peninsula; and Aleut, including the western part of the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian and Pribilof islands.
On Kodiak Island, some of the national wildlife refuge passed into Native ownership. On Afognak Island, where the first forest reserve in Alaska had been established in 1892 timberlands were returned to local Natives.
In the Aleutian Islands, the village corporation at Unalaska took title to the former military installations and leased the buildings.
The corporation became the first in the state to pay stockholder dividends. The Aleut Corporation invested in shipping and fishing industries. Two of Anchorage's largest hotels were owned by Southwest Alaska Native corporations, the Anchorage Westward Hilton by Bristol Bay Corporation, and the Sheraton Anchorage by Calista Corporation.
River fisheries grow
In Southwest Alaska salmon has again become a major source of income. Commercial fishing along the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers was permitted in 1955.
In 1967 and again in 1974, the salmon runs in Bristol Bay were so small that both years the region was declared a disaster area. Some fisheries experts blamed overfishing. Others blamed exceptionally cold winters that killed many of the salmon fry. Still others thought the cause was the growing number of foreign fishing vessels in offshore waters. During the 1970s the state instituted a limited entry program and established more f