types of tourism текст

Ответ от Feinschel diana[активный]
Introduction
Tourism and Travel Faraway places with strange-sounding names lure the traveler with promises of enchantment, excitement, diverse forms of entertainment, and tantalizing new kinds of food. The urge to travel is as old as civilization. The great historian Herodotus roamed the ancient world, examining the customs of many lands before writing his famous ‘History'. Hundreds of years later a young man from Venice named Marco Polo set out with his father for China, and his writings opened the Far East to Europeans of his time. About the same time Ibn Battutah, an Islamic scholar, traveled about 75,000 miles (121,000 kilometers) and recorded his wanderings in the widely-read ‘Rihlah' (Travels).
Today travel and tourism account for the largest portion of money spent in international commerce. National tourism expenditures in the early 1980s were more than $100 billion. Domestic tourism was much greater. The modern travel industry is organized to cater to every need and desire of the individual traveler. While travel was once an uncertain and hazardous event, it is now an easily planned and coordinated adventure that has been revolutionized by vast improvements in transportation, computer technology, and networks of international communication.
Components of the Travel Industry
The individual traveler is concerned about where to go, how to get there, where to stay, where to eat, and what to see. The travel industry is organized to meet these concerns in a variety of ways: travel agents and tour companies, transport companies, hotel reservation systems, ground transport companies, restaurant reservation systems, and local or national tourism boards.
Destination.
Unless the trip is a business or family necessity, the first interest in the mind of the prospective traveler is where to go and what to see. The mass of information available to satisfy the traveler's curiosity is virtually unlimited. Nearly every nation has a national tourism board, and within nations there are tourism bureaus in states, provinces, and cities. All of these advertise extensively in order to attract tourists. Competition in the travel business is intense, and many localities depend heavily on tourism for income.
In addition to advertising by governmental bureaus, travel companies publish many pamphlets and brochures. And there are thousands of travel books available on every place a tourist might wish to visit.
Transportation.
There are two categories of transportation used by travelers. First is the means used to get from home to the destination, and second is the type used at the destination. In some cases the two may be identical. If a family drives from Denver to Los Angeles, the family car serves both purposes. But a businessman making the same trip would probably fly to the Los Angeles International Airport and rent a car there.
Tourists who fly to Europe may rent cars, ride the extensive railway networks, get about by motorcoach, or even go from one place to another by ship, ferry, or riverboat. If they stay in one location, they often take advantage of local public transportation—streetcars, buses, and subways.
The age of international travel was revolutionized on Oct. 26, 1958, when Pan American World Airways flew a Boeing 707 jet airplane from New York City to Paris with 123 people on board. Jets cut long-distance air travel time in half.
In the following decades the airline industry expanded greatly and used a variety of airplanes. Among the smaller, short-haul jets were the Boeing 737 and the DC-9. Larger planes included the wide-bodied Boeing 747, 757, and 767, the Lockheed L-1011, the DC-10, and the European Airbus (see Airplane). There are now more than 200 airlines serving Europe—the most popular tourist destination—from all parts of the world. Nearly every country has its own domestic airlines, including the new commuter services that prov

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